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Welcome to episode 5 of the Oxford Smart Space
series and thank you to the terrific Oxford team

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supporting this event and welcome to our audience
for giving us this opportunity to talk today about

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an important topic: diversity of thought, inclusion,
innovation in space. I'm your moderator Dr Renee

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Rottner, I'm on the faculty at the University of
California at Santa Barbara where I'm a professor

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of technology management. I'm joined today by an
amazing panel; we have Joan Johnson Freese, who is a

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professor of national security affairs at the US
Naval War College. Her doctorate's in international

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relations and she's an expert on space and
security issues. She's written eight books on

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topics from international cooperation to warfare
in space, and most recently on the role of women

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in peace and security. We're also joined by Sita
Sonty, who is President of Sapphire Partners and

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she has extensive experience in the space sector;
she's held leadership roles at Space-X, Raytheon

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Sierra Nevada corporation and she also has
extensive international experience as a diplomat

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working for the US Department of State in the
Middle East, South and Central Asia and the Balkans.

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She currently sits on the board of
iCard industries and Women in Aerospace.

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And finally welcome to Simon Adebola, who
is a medical doctor specialising in public

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health and informatics. He's worked for four
United Nations organisations including the UN

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operational satellite applications program and
the international telecommunication union. He's

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also worked with the World Health Organisation, the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - better

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known as the CDC - and in the US private sector.
He writes on space policy and integrated space

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applications and is currently doing graduate work
at Oxford Saïd. Also a disclaimer:

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our views today are solely our own and don't
represent the views of the organisations we work

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for and although our panelists have largely worked
for US organisations and maybe don't seem diverse

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they've worked on every continent except
Antarctica and bring an interdisciplinary

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perspective on space issues. I welcome our audience
and invite you to put your questions in the chat

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of your chosen viewing platform. Our team will
select a few for us to answer during the Q&A

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at the end. When you enter your question please
also include your name and where you are located.

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Let's begin. So space technologies depend on
innovation. I'm a social scientist who studies

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innovation from startups to space telescopes.
Behind me is an infrared image from Spitzer

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which I wrote a history of, and what we know
from academic research is that innovation

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hands down depends on a diversity of
thought. The economic benefits of diversity

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include increased profitability,
increased employee satisfaction,

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and the innovation itself will be often more
novel and impactful when you have diversity.

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There are two types of diversity that I'm
talking about here: demographic, the kind of

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things a person would bring, and disciplinary,
the kind of training somebody would have.

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Most firms lack demographic diversity, the number
of women and people of colour in leadership roles

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on executive management teams and boards of
directors remain stuck around 12 to 24, and in

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the space sector firms lack demographic diversity;
however, they also lack disciplinary diversity. The

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space sector overwhelmingly relies on people
with engineering degrees; it's not just that the

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humanities are left out but so are social sciences
medicine and physical sciences such as biology.

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Each one of these other disciplines brings a
different body of knowledge, theoretical frameworks,

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and analytical methods. Engineering also tends
to be overwhelmingly male. STEM degrees - that is

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degrees in science, technology, engineering or maths -
tends to be 70 to 85 percent male who earn those

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degrees so in the space sector we have
two types of diversity: demographic which is low,

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as it is common in tech sectors, and this is
compounded by the lack of disciplinary diversity.

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This narrows the diversity of thought that's
available to us. We might be able to build a

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rocket to Mars or Venus as NASA just announced
this week but what do we do when we get there?

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What kind of societies will we build? And assuming
we're successful, how will we solve the inevitable

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challenges of space-based activities unless we
can draw on the whole range of human knowledge and

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experience? So if innovation is good for the space
sector and diversity is good for innovation then

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we need diversity, demographic and disciplinary. My
question to the panel is if we had more diversity

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demographic or disciplinary how would that
change the trajectory of the space sector?

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Joan, may I invite you? Thank you - well thank you
first for inviting me to join this panel on an

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important topic that doesn't get talked about
a lot - so I'm going to focus my demographic

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diversity comments to gender and I'm going to
offer my comments from the perspective of the

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space security sector since that's where I have
most of my experience and where space security

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is concerned. The number one premise from
which all else flows is that the vast majority

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of space technology is dual use, meaning it can
be used for civil or military purposes and when

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it's military it's very difficult to distinguish
offence from defence. What that means to the space

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security communities, and by that I mean largely
the military and the intelligence communities,

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is they are charged to look for threats
and they do; that is their job and they do it

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very well, they look for and find threats well.
When they do that it basically they have one

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dimensional answers to those threats that they
find and those very often involve technology.

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That is the one answer and every problem becomes
a nail so every solution is a hammer and what 

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demographic diversity brings is a different
way to look at problems, to see situations

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as having both threats and opportunities and
different ways of opportunities to deal with

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those problems other than through technology
- and quite frankly through violence. 

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It's been my experience that women offer
different questions. Right now as well the

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whole space security community is engulfed in the
larger geopolitical context of what's being called

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great power competition - that means the United
States is in competition with China, with Russia,

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others as well who align with those countries - but
it's about competition. I choose to see it as great

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power parity which means that there's a sports
analogy that says 'it used to be there were some

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teams that were very very good and other teams
that weren't so good and really didn't have a

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chance', in the United States it used to be the New
York Yankees in baseball; but now countries - like

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sports teams - those margins have narrowed so what
you're looking for is an edge of excellence, what

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can you do to give you an edge of excellence. But
I would also point out there's a woman at the

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Atlantic Council - Emma Ashford - who said first
of all for if we're in this era of great power

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competition what are we competing over, what is the
end game? Women ask those different questions, women

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again posit different questions so that different
answers can be found. What I have found in 30 years

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of dealing in space policy and most of that in
space security is it's been women who have been

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arguing for for cooperation to deal with issues
like space debris which can only be dealt

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with on a multinational basis and a cooperative
basis. It's women who will argue for diplomacy.

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Unfortunately diplomacy doesn't offer a lot of
business to aerospace companies and that's often

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a big consideration on what answers are
found to questions. The disciplinary aspect comes in

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in recognising, as was pointed out, that,
that space is inherently multi-disciplinary.

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Organisations have have recognized that: I've
been a faculty member with the international

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space university for years and their whole
premise is interdisciplinary international.

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But most management in space is done
by someone who's an engineer, someone

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who has a STEM background and I've had the
experience of being in meetings talking about

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planning a conference where we're running out
of time and someone will say well just cut

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policy and economics that doesn't matter - it does
matter - and women keep that in the mix so 

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I would simply summarise by saying that without
diversity, it's like going into a room and having

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the lights half on: you don't see threats you don't
see solutions. With diversity both demographic and

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disciplinary you get a much fuller picture which
opens your options and opens it for innovation.

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So yeah thank you, I think that's a good lead-in to
Simon who also is asking very different questions

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than we typically hear in the space sector, would
you like to comment on what kind of diversity

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and how did that change the trajectory of the
sector? Well thank you very much, I work in

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the area of integrated space applications and
that essentially means that we try to combine

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dual information, which is Earth
observation, remote sensing capabilities

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derived by space and satellites that orbit the
Earth with their cameras taking measurements of

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the Earth, using essentially that, the
data there. They generate a lot of Earth

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observation data and that's Geo observation,
we combine that with Geo navigation which is

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what we know in the young GPS satellites and also
the telecommunications capabilities offered by the

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different telecommunications satellites
some in geostationary orbit and

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others providing  closer to Earth capabilities
for connecting - so everything from telephony

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to broadband. The idea is that by integrating
these applications these capabilities we can

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deliver better value for health, we can deliver
better value for education, agriculture, food

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security, water resource management and other
areas that are common to the development domain

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or just the human domain in general, and have
been captured in the Millennium Development

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Goals as well as the Sustainable Development
Goals. The idea then if we think of expanding

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access to space is that we can deliver greater
value for all then every country that is able to

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leverage space capabilities can deliver better
value for its people and not being able to move

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across these disciplinary domains - what I
would say a cross-disciplinary approach to

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to space sector and development - it limits the
value of having all these massive investments

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being made in space technologies and capabilities.
In the past it used to be that the barrier 

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was access to launch capabilities and to a large
extent it still is; the ease with which you are

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able to deploy any satellites into space to do
any of these three is still very very dependent

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on how much money you have as a country and if
you do have launch capability to to support 

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to support just pushing the satellites up as 
we know. Geo navigation for example, just there are

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about just four to five systems in 
place that support geo navigation globally

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that and only one really has the
greatest access.  So I'm saying that we need

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access to the satellite capabilities even if it
is not driven by access to launch capabilities

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because in recent years that that cost has
dropped, even though the risk is still there of

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of losing that, even though of losing your
satellite in space, you can insure against

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that but the cost has dropped, but then you have
to access what works in each of these domains,

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what works in say healthcare to be able to
take advantage of space capability capabilities

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we need to breach the divide there is room for
listening across the disciplines and translating

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what we do in space sector and the capabilities
that are offered by geo navigation 

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Earth observation telecommunications and
pulling that in into the way we think in

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epidemiology for example and figuring out how
do you combine these to make sense, not just for

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one set of diseases, because there's a lot
of emphasis on climate sensitive diseases

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but also across other diseases that are not so
apparent, so 

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there's room for a lot of listening across the
disciplines. In agriculture we're facing the same

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challenge also where we have to figure out how
do you combine your navigation, Earth observation

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to help us determine when is the best time to
plant, where is the best place to plant, how can

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you estimate the yield you can anticipate from your
farm, how does that feed into the market dynamics?

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Precision farming, drones: how do you combine
space capabilities to make it possible for you

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to do more in the agriculture space? That
requires someone that or people that understand

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how space capabilities can enhance your ability
to do more of what you're trying to do on the farm

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and all the people that understand how
you practise farming and you can harness

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these capabilities. I'm looking at it from that
cross-disciplinary perspective primarily asking we

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need more of that discussion between the domains
because when the domains are able to interact

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and learn from each other then you are able to
deliver greater value for mankind essentially. Also

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there's something to be said about how does
that play out on a national level, is this going

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to be driven primarily by the national government,
said in policy or is there room to broaden that

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to include the private sector and academia?
I believe the private sector are sufficiently

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motivated to onboard new technologies and
capabilities that would help them deliver more

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but also the academia have a role in
that early stage and going forward from

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an evaluation perspective to ensure that what
we're doing is making sense and delivering value.

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So I guess in summary I would say
that when we talk about the diversity

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in the space sector it is important to engage
across disciplines, it is important to emphasise

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development goals and it is important to broaden
the base of collaboration so that we can deliver

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greater value to human health and human livelihood.
Thank you, thank you very much Simon, well I'm

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going to turn it over to our other panelist 
Sita, who has had a wealth of experience

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listening and conversing with different
people from around the world, how would

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you answer the question about how diversity
would change the trajectory of the space sector?

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I think it's a fabulous question. I would actually
start off by echoing the comments of my two

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fellow panelists;  I love Joan's framing of the
importance of opening options to enhance space

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security and when you have a diversity in the
leadership and a diversity in the thought process

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behind that you literally create more options to
solve the problems to ensure that space remains

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a secure and safe environment for exploration,
which is fundamentally what inspires a number

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of generations of people to go down that path. I
also wanted to echo both Simon's background and

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some of the comments he was making about
how important it is to think about space

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through the lens of telecommunications so that
people can be better connected both in space and

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here on Earth, medicine and medical applications
so that literally the physical and biological

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well-being of your average human being is improved
due to a diversity of thought and application and

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discipline as it applies towards space research.
So I'd start off by echoing their sentiments

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and their background but let me take a step back.
Ultimately when we think about space exploration,

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and this is something I've not only thought about
quite a bit but have actually had to articulate to

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- as you said - a diverse group of audiences in
my career, what are we exploring space for? And the

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answer generally when you ask anybody - like my kids
behind my shoulder here on the bookcase - if you

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ask kids what excites you about space they think
about the stars, they think about what's up there

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and my answer to them generally is we're
exploring space to improve life in space today

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and in the future but also to improve
life here on Earth. And are we improving life

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for only certain categories of human beings?
No, I'd say fundamentally space exploration

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is designed to improve life for all human beings,
for all of mankind both in space and here on Earth

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so when you think about the value of diversity of
thought and discipline as it applies to creating

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the solutions that fit into that broader
that strategic context of space exploration

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we actually have to think about all of these
different stakeholders. As Simon was saying there's

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going to be large agricultural stakeholders
perhaps in Ghana who are going to benefit from

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space technology. There's also going to be, as Joan
was saying, major aerospace corporations around the

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world that are going to benefit from developments
in space technology but there's probably also

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going to be a number of other stakeholders that
we've only begun to scratch the surface of so if

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we want to dig a little bit deeper in terms
of identifying who out of all of humanity

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can potentially benefit from space exploration and
innovation we have to be diverse in the mindset

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from the get-go and diversity of mindset requires
diversity of human beings that are answering those

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questions. So I want to go down four quick
categories so what kind of fits into the

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traditional thought process for space exploration?
Yes you need a launch vehicle and there's you know

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a couple of well-known providers for launch
these days whether they're sending up payload

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in the form of satellites that are going to take
those pictures that are going to analyse whether

0:19:51.200,0:19:55.040
or not climate change is having a particular
impact in a particular region here on Earth.

0:19:55.840,0:20:01.520
You also need a transportation vehicle if you're
thinking about transporting human beings and this

0:20:01.520,0:20:06.640
is what most people associate with human space
flight which is something that I had the honor

0:20:06.640,0:20:12.240
of working on in my time at Space-X. So you need a
launch vehicle, you need a transportation vehicle,

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but at the end of the day where are we going in
space? What are the destinations? Traditionally

0:20:18.240,0:20:23.680
we're talking these days about the International
Space Station. We're also talking about Moon, we're

0:20:23.680,0:20:29.040
talking about Mars and we're talking about
other destinations that your average person

0:20:29.040,0:20:33.840
hasn't even really thought of in terms
of deep space, and finally we talk about

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what are we going to do when we get there. If we go
to space we need to ensure that there are strong

0:20:39.680,0:20:46.080
governance structures, strong responsibility
and policy, to echo Joan's earlier sentiment,

0:20:46.080,0:20:51.760
so all of these questions have to be answered
as part of the holistic understanding of space

0:20:51.760,0:20:56.640
exploration and you need diversity of leadership
and background to answer them effectively.

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All right well thank you, let me just sum up
what the first round discussion was about. We

0:21:04.720,0:21:10.240
heard from Sita that there's diverse stakeholders,
not just the state, that we should be paying

0:21:10.240,0:21:16.880
attention to; Simon pointed out that we need not
just to worry about defense but also development;

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and Joan pointed out that we should not just
look at threats but also opportunities and so

0:21:24.880,0:21:29.440
to sum up the diversity of thought
would allow us a whole different range

0:21:29.440,0:21:38.240
of questions and possibilities. Let me turn to the
second question and I'll also remind our audience

0:21:38.240,0:21:42.640
as you're listening if you have questions
go ahead and put them in the chat, whatever

0:21:43.760,0:21:48.000
viewing platform you're using, and please
include your name and where you're located.

0:21:48.000,0:21:55.280
After this round we will turn to your questions.
So the second question I have for the panel is

0:21:57.600,0:22:03.600
what can we do to increase diversity
of thought in the space sector? And let

0:22:03.600,0:22:09.440
me turn it back to Sita if you want to get
us started on that and then I'll go to Simon.

0:22:10.640,0:22:15.280
Absolutely this is a topic that I'm incredibly
passionate about not just because of my own

0:22:15.280,0:22:20.160
provenance, daughter of immigrants from India who
would have never imagined that their daughter

0:22:20.160,0:22:25.920
would end up in the aerospace sector, much less
in leadership roles, but also to the points that

0:22:25.920,0:22:31.840
have been echoed by the panelists and yourself as
well Renee, of diversity in academia and background.

0:22:32.400,0:22:39.280
So I sit on the board for Women in Aerospace which
is a not-for-profit that has a goal that's pretty

0:22:39.280,0:22:44.240
self-explanatory: we want to build a pipeline
of leadership for women in aerospace but you

0:22:44.240,0:22:50.640
could replace women with any other traditionally
underrepresented group in the aerospace and the

0:22:50.640,0:22:56.720
space sector and whether that's people of colour,
people of a certain orientation or background,

0:22:56.720,0:23:03.040
I think it's critical to recognise that by
developing pipelines of leadership opportunity for

0:23:03.040,0:23:10.080
groups that have traditionally not had access
either to the academic research opportunities

0:23:10.080,0:23:16.400
in STEM that ultimately lead to engineering
roles and full-time positions in the industry,

0:23:17.360,0:23:24.080
it's also an opportunity to create pipelines for
underrepresented communities who are have who have

0:23:24.080,0:23:29.920
a different background. I'm not an engineer and
having worked now at three aerospace and defense

0:23:29.920,0:23:36.400
companies in the private sector after a career in
diplomacy most people scratch their heads as 

0:23:36.400,0:23:41.280
they review my background as an example, and mine
is one of thousands, they say how did you end up in

0:23:41.280,0:23:47.120
aerospace and why and what is in your background
that is applicable to solving some of the

0:23:47.680,0:23:53.520
current questions and problems in space? And so
I think it's really interesting to create that

0:23:53.520,0:23:59.760
diversity of pipeline for people with a background
in policy. For example, as Joan was saying,

0:23:59.760,0:24:06.240
people with a background in medicine and medical
applications, pharmacy, telecommunications, business,

0:24:06.240,0:24:14.400
industry, accounting, finance there's so many not
only potential but real-time applications for all

0:24:14.400,0:24:20.160
of those fields to be able to develop a solution
that can either be tested in microgravity today

0:24:20.720,0:24:26.320
and or could be applied and can drive the bottom
line. So I want to finalise my response to this

0:24:26.320,0:24:31.120
question by echoing something Joan said earlier
which is that diplomacy may not necessarily create

0:24:31.120,0:24:36.160
good business for aerospace companies and she's
absolutely right, there is a bit of a there's a

0:24:36.160,0:24:41.120
bit of a tension there between what the goal
might be, I would argue, and this has been a bit

0:24:41.120,0:24:45.120
of a signature of mine in the three companies
that I've worked for when you have the right

0:24:45.120,0:24:50.720
audience in mind you actually can drive revenue,
you can literally make money with a diversity

0:24:50.720,0:24:57.920
of background because you come up with unique
creative and innovative ways to create solutions

0:24:57.920,0:25:02.720
that can be sold to a stakeholder community,
you just need to be a little bit creative

0:25:02.720,0:25:09.280
in thinking about what is being sold and who's
buying it, thank you. Alright well thank you,

0:25:09.280,0:25:16.160
Simon, would you like to add to that? What
would diversity of ... how would you change diversity

0:25:16.160,0:25:23.280
of thought? Thank you very much, I would like to
focus on a few main points: one is we have to

0:25:24.800,0:25:32.240
understand better how to fix the gap in technology,
in the understanding of technology

0:25:32.240,0:25:39.200
the integration of processes, and the utilisation
of data. Those three would guarantee that the

0:25:40.320,0:25:45.840
that the talent that is grown in the space sector
that have taken an interest in any of these

0:25:45.840,0:25:51.280
development domains I talked about or vice versa,
talent that has been grown in the development

0:25:51.280,0:25:56.080
sector that has taken an interest in what space
capabilities can offer. When there are solid

0:25:56.080,0:26:03.680
established frameworks, tools, resources that
allow the integration of technology process and

0:26:03.680,0:26:11.200
data then need to ... either to go do something
else because we have a talent retention problem

0:26:11.200,0:26:17.600
in the development domain and technology.
The first place I studied 

0:26:17.600,0:26:22.080
space technologies was the African Regional Center
for space science technology education somewhere

0:26:22.080,0:26:26.880
in Nigeria and I was speaking to the
head at one time and he said this is a nine month

0:26:26.880,0:26:32.080
diploma and before you know it the
candidates finish and they are off to Norway or

0:26:32.080,0:26:37.360
somewhere else in the world because even if it's
a basic diploma there's no basis for

0:26:37.360,0:26:42.320
them to keep applying what they've learned in the
countries where they learned them,

0:26:42.880,0:26:47.440
but that's not unique to the
cross-disciplinary question is also

0:26:48.160,0:26:53.520
it's not so it's not unique to the cross-sectional
question it is also unique to the  to the national

0:26:53.520,0:26:59.280
question too. I mean it applies to both; if we
want to retain talent we need to ensure that

0:26:59.840,0:27:06.160
there are companies, there are businesses that
are going to be patches for these individuals

0:27:06.160,0:27:12.320
that have trained themselves in applying
these integrated tools, technologies, processes,

0:27:12.320,0:27:19.280
and data. That way we are sure that we're not
sort of feeding a continuous brain drain and this

0:27:19.280,0:27:25.520
has been going on for decades where people
get trained in in being able to integrate or apply

0:27:25.520,0:27:31.040
or develop and there's a pilot and there isn't
sufficient funding to keep it going or there's no

0:27:31.040,0:27:36.400
commercial incentive to to build around that,
so I think those are the two things

0:27:36.400,0:27:41.920
I would like to say we need to do better
at.We need to do better at codifying sort

0:27:41.920,0:27:47.200
of institutionalising an innovative approach
to integrating technology processes and data,

0:27:47.760,0:27:52.800
one, and on the other hand we need to get serious
and busy with retaining talent by encouraging

0:27:52.800,0:27:59.680
the commercial growth of the space sector in the
applications domain focused on a range of human

0:27:59.680,0:28:07.040
issues, thank you. Okay thank you, and then
Joan, how would you like to answer the question

0:28:07.760,0:28:15.120
what can we do to increase diversity of thought
in this sector? I'm an educator so I kind of ball

0:28:15.120,0:28:24.080
back to that domain and I suggest that we need to
make curriculum more diverse, we need to-

0:28:24.080,0:28:30.960
I again spoke earlier about the international
space university which takes mostly graduate

0:28:30.960,0:28:37.520
students and practitioners and puts them in
into a short program to get them to recognise

0:28:37.520,0:28:43.280
the benefits, the aspects of a multi-disciplinary
approach to space and there's always a lot of

0:28:43.280,0:28:48.560
resistance to that at universities. A curriculum
is set, especially in engineering curriculum,

0:28:49.120,0:28:54.480
I've recently run up against that in professional
military education in trying to integrate women

0:28:54.480,0:28:59.840
peace and security into the curriculum but if it's
important you find a way to do it so that's kind

0:28:59.840,0:29:05.920
of my first point: diversify academic
curriculum and get universities to do that.

0:29:06.480,0:29:12.880
The second is to recognise that bias exists,
 very often it's because of blind fish:

0:29:12.880,0:29:19.680
those who have never experienced bias, simply don't
recognise it around them. But bias does exist. A few

0:29:19.680,0:29:25.600
years ago I was at a conference and there were
four women astronauts one from Canada, South Korea

0:29:25.600,0:29:30.880
China and the United States and they were asked to
question what's the most difficult part of being

0:29:30.880,0:29:37.040
an astronaut, and the Canadian answered immediately
and she said, having to prove my competence every

0:29:37.040,0:29:43.360
day to my male colleagues. And all the others on
the panel were nodding that that's very draining.

0:29:44.080,0:29:50.720
And I think we need to recognise that women
could be multi-dimensional. A few years ago

0:29:50.720,0:29:58.080
a FOX commentator called out Lauren Duke - a teen
Vogue editor - for writing on a not complimentary

0:29:58.080,0:30:02.720
article on Donald Trump and he said you stick
to writing about fashion and thigh high boots.

0:30:02.720,0:30:10.320
Well I would suggest Heather Bottom, NASA engineer
who used to dance for the Rockettes and toured in

0:30:10.320,0:30:16.720
the chorus line, said her job was made easier
because she could see how pieces fit together.

0:30:17.680,0:30:23.200
So how do we get that to come out, how do we get
- as Simon said - we have a problem keeping people

0:30:23.200,0:30:28.880
in the fields, a lot of women reach what they call
fight or flight time and they they simply leave.

0:30:30.000,0:30:37.280
I think what we do is recognise that bias exists
and support them. Ambassador Wendy Sherman a few

0:30:37.280,0:30:44.800
years ago in a book said what she and others have
started doing is in meetings when a woman raises a

0:30:44.800,0:30:51.680
good idea, when a minority raises a good idea, jump
on it say 'that's a great idea, let's talk about

0:30:51.680,0:30:59.360
that some more'; don't let it go by until 10 minutes
later when one of the majority in the room, 

0:30:59.360,0:31:05.600
an old-time stockholder stakeholder, says the
same thing and gets lauded for it. So backing

0:31:05.600,0:31:11.920
each other up can really be very very beneficial.
I think it's especially important because even

0:31:11.920,0:31:20.320
though we've seen women rise to leadership
positions, very often, too often, they have to do it

0:31:20.320,0:31:28.240
by being one of the boys and not really showing
their feminine qualities and what they can

0:31:28.240,0:31:35.280
offer in that regard; and that changes at about
30 percent, the feeling that there would be

0:31:35.280,0:31:42.160
retribution for unwanted comments and unwanted
views starts to dissipate so I think we need to

0:31:42.800,0:31:50.880
get more minorities in and keep them in through
support.  I think finally there is a question

0:31:50.880,0:31:54.800
about the arts and I think Sita's going to
address it but I would like to comment as well:

0:31:55.360,0:32:01.760
absolutely, bringing in dancers, bringing in
artists, bringing in individuals who have an

0:32:01.760,0:32:09.440
entirely different background than STEM adds to
it in ways we can't even imagine and some of it

0:32:09.440,0:32:17.360
is simply putting out imagery that allows us to
imagine more than we are able to otherwise, so

0:32:17.360,0:32:23.200
I think it is absolutely important that even the
multi-disciplinary curriculum that we have so far

0:32:23.840,0:32:32.640
goes further, extends out further to the arts, to
areas beyond engineering and business and policy

0:32:32.640,0:32:40.320
and medicine and recognise that to go
into space we take everything with us. We

0:32:40.320,0:32:46.400
take everything, all our baggage goes with us
and we need to support that so I'll stop there.

0:32:47.120,0:32:51.280
Okay well thank you I think we'll have
a little extra time now for questions,

0:32:51.280,0:32:54.880
let me just highlight some of
the things that our panel said.

0:32:55.520,0:33:02.640
First of all, great ideas - just to echo what
Joan is saying - to amplify the voices in the room.

0:33:04.880,0:33:10.880
We heard that the college and the college
curriculum can play a role in increasing diversity

0:33:11.440,0:33:19.200
of thought; we heard that the talent retention
is a challenge and perhaps having a more

0:33:19.200,0:33:27.600
vibrant economic ecosystem where talent can remain
or stay sticky to the community that it's

0:33:27.600,0:33:34.160
being trained in and can contribute to; and we also
heard that there needs to be a greater pipeline

0:33:34.160,0:33:41.200
of academic and executive opportunities for
people so that they have access to these 

0:33:42.800,0:33:46.720
opportunities to contribute their
diversity and that they have

0:33:47.600,0:33:53.600
ways of feeling supported and also opportunities
for their own careers so that they want to remain

0:33:54.240,0:34:00.480
contributing to these areas so thank you
for that, and we're going to move to the

0:34:01.440,0:34:05.600
Q&A with the audience - and again if you have
any additional questions please go ahead and

0:34:05.600,0:34:11.520
put them in the chat and add your name
and where you're from.

0:34:13.680,0:34:19.840
Let me ask to go back and just finish building
on the question, let me go back to the question,

0:34:23.840,0:34:30.720
Lilian Mahoukou from Paris, France asks what if
we team up with people with an arts background

0:34:31.680,0:34:36.480
instead of the usual STEM one and
Sita, would you like to add to this?

0:34:38.480,0:34:42.960
Absolutely, and when I saw that question pop
up it definitely brought a smile to my face

0:34:42.960,0:34:48.320
given that I actually have an arts background,
I was a classical dancer for a number of number

0:34:48.320,0:34:53.840
of years before becoming a diplomat as a child,
and there's something really interesting about

0:34:54.640,0:35:00.720
being exposed to a creative environment which
is essentially what the arts is and thinking

0:35:01.360,0:35:06.080
is there a creative application that can be
applied in what might otherwise be perceived

0:35:06.080,0:35:12.960
to be a very linear problem-solving
and metrics oriented environment; what

0:35:12.960,0:35:19.920
genius can come out of that? And I'll give
two examples of really current  space

0:35:19.920,0:35:24.400
applications that will address that question,
it's also evidence that some of this

0:35:24.400,0:35:30.720
is already happening. This isn't just an idea:
it's happening. In one case it's been there's

0:35:30.720,0:35:37.440
been a lot of  reporting that's been on that
has been released on the Dear Moon Project, The

0:35:37.440,0:35:44.160
Dear Moon Project is essentially the human space
flight opportunity that has been commissioned by

0:35:44.720,0:35:50.400
an ultra high net worth individual from Japan
 named Yusaku Maezawa, and he will be

0:35:51.200,0:35:58.320
taking the starship air - the spacecraft that is
being developed right now by Space-X - and we'll

0:35:58.320,0:36:06.400
be traveling to the Moon. Now what's interesting
to me is that the why of his financing of

0:36:06.400,0:36:11.760
this critical space exploration opportunity is
both really exciting but it's unconventional; it's

0:36:11.760,0:36:18.880
art. His goal is to actually take artists up with
him, bring them past the Moon and see what kind of

0:36:18.880,0:36:25.200
content they can generate when they are inspired
with the most majestic of views of proximity.

0:36:25.200,0:36:31.840
When Neil Armstrong landed on the moon decades
ago I'm sure there were plenty of people for whom

0:36:32.800,0:36:38.640
the idea of being inspired to create something
artistic was the final thing in their mind but I'm

0:36:38.640,0:36:46.160
equally sure that there were no shortage of people
who for whom the inspiration of imagining life and

0:36:46.160,0:36:52.560
or proximity to the moon generated specifically
artistic content. What you're seeing right now

0:36:52.560,0:36:59.440
is there's someone who's so inspired by the
arts that that person has decided to invest

0:36:59.440,0:37:06.800
in space exploration and that person's investment
in space exploration - while inspired by the arts - is

0:37:06.800,0:37:12.560
going to pay dividends for so many other sectors
that are not artistic; so it's kind of flipping

0:37:12.560,0:37:17.440
the script in a way isn't it? We think about space
exploration and space investment that is driven by

0:37:18.000,0:37:22.880
scientific, technological, engineering and
mathematics based applications or STEM

0:37:22.880,0:37:28.640
applications. Here's a great example where that has
been flipped completely and I think you're seeing

0:37:28.640,0:37:35.200
real world application for that. The second example
I'll keep much shorter but without disclosing who

0:37:35.200,0:37:41.200
there's a very prominent - let's say popular -
musical artist who is from the United States

0:37:41.200,0:37:47.840
who has expressed interest in conducting a
concert in space; so you have artists, and

0:37:47.840,0:37:53.440
this time we're talking about a musician, who
want to use that creative environment to see

0:37:54.160,0:38:00.000
what kind of inspiration can be generated as a
consequence; but guess what, if a popular artist

0:38:00.000,0:38:06.240
wants to do something in space that still counts
as not only space exploration but investment in

0:38:06.240,0:38:11.280
solutions that are both scientific, technological,
engineering and mathematics based; so most people

0:38:11.920,0:38:16.880
maybe five/ten years from now are going to
think STEM benefited from the arts as opposed

0:38:16.880,0:38:24.560
to vice versa. Alright thank you; I'd like
to throw another question from the audience to

0:38:25.120,0:38:33.600
Joan, (I'll go back to the question and
read it), this is from Manuel Olariu

0:38:33.600,0:38:40.880
from Germany: what are the best practices to
build diverse teams for space innovation ?

0:38:41.920,0:38:47.520
First and foremost it's about leadership, it's
about getting leadership commitment to building

0:38:47.520,0:38:55.360
those diverse teams and then  institutionalising
processes in a way that assures it.

0:38:56.160,0:39:04.320
Nobody likes the word quota  because there is
the connotation of you are filling it for the sake

0:39:04.320,0:39:12.400
of numbers rather than talent, but repeatedly
it's been shown that setting quotas brings in

0:39:13.200,0:39:21.280
talent that might otherwise be there and begins
to institutionalise the practices and demonstrates

0:39:21.280,0:39:29.680
the value of diversification when where you can
then drop the quotas. I know myself, excuse me,

0:39:30.880,0:39:38.560
at one time in my career I was named to a
chair that I had not applied for, I had not

0:39:38.560,0:39:46.000
competed for and it was because leadership
wanted to show women in positions. I think had I

0:39:46.000,0:39:50.880
been able to qualify I certainly would have been
in the running because of my credentials

0:39:50.880,0:39:57.120
but being named there without doing so quite
frankly made a lot of my colleagues annoyed -

0:39:57.120,0:40:02.960
was I put there only because of my gender? - So there
is this- there's a downside to quotas. On the other

0:40:02.960,0:40:10.560
hand setting a certain number of positions for
expansion beyond those traditionally hired again

0:40:11.440,0:40:17.120
gets it into an institutional mode where
it no longer matters who is the leader

0:40:19.120,0:40:24.400
it's just something that the organisation
does. What we found in women, peace and security

0:40:25.040,0:40:32.400
is that you will get a leader in place who is all
gung-ho, does amazing things but when they leave

0:40:33.120,0:40:40.560
the ball is dropped, the impetus stops, so you have
to have practices that really institutionalise

0:40:40.560,0:40:46.320
the practices that will allow for diversification
and I think quotas is one of them.

0:40:47.920,0:40:51.120
Alright, thank you, I'd like to

0:40:53.360,0:40:56.240
follow up on that with a question for Simon,

0:40:56.960,0:41:02.160
which is from Daniela Petrovic
from Oxford UK, how can we

0:41:04.480,0:41:08.400
- sorry, thank you for putting that up -
how can we overcome national interests

0:41:08.400,0:41:11.520
and form truly international
markets for space technology?

0:41:13.760,0:41:22.160
Thank you very much, thank you for that
question, well I wanted to approach that from a

0:41:22.160,0:41:31.120
different perspective looking at what we've done
so far, so take Google Maps for example which

0:41:31.120,0:41:37.760
one can argue is not really a space technology
application but it does layer what you do, what the

0:41:37.760,0:41:43.920
capability it offers on a cable, on the
space technology, which is Earth observation. How

0:41:43.920,0:41:49.520
did Google create a truly international market for
its product? Well it had to have feey on the ground,

0:41:49.520,0:41:56.640
it had to work with national regulation, and it
had to contextualise its products to deliver value

0:41:56.640,0:42:02.080
within the domain, so that's a sort of
a broad general principle; but what are the

0:42:02.080,0:42:08.240
challenges that you can face when you're trying
to do that? Well one is regulation, one is also the

0:42:08.240,0:42:12.880
draw use of potential security implications of
space data whether I tell you what I tell you

0:42:12.880,0:42:19.280
communications or Earth observation this is these
are known to be sensitive areas or potentially

0:42:19.280,0:42:25.280
sensitive and loosening or demonstrating on
one hand loosening in the regulations that make it

0:42:25.280,0:42:31.840
difficult to break into those domains just because
of the potentially sensitive nature as well as

0:42:32.640,0:42:40.560
demonstrating the value. Now if you as a country
allow Earth observation satellites to release

0:42:40.560,0:42:47.680
the data that they are collecting over 
your geography and merge that with other

0:42:47.680,0:42:54.160
data elements that you have in house or in country
then we can deliver greater value to your people

0:42:54.160,0:43:00.000
and demonstrate that your investment in space or
just even the mere existence or access to space

0:43:00.000,0:43:07.600
capabilities can grow  markets in-country as
well as improve livelihoods in-country. So that

0:43:07.600,0:43:13.520
there needs to be that engagement, that's why I
think the private sector and academia have roles,

0:43:13.520,0:43:20.480
distinct but complementary roles to play in this,
because academia can come in at that early stage

0:43:20.480,0:43:24.960
where they're losing that much interest and
leverage whatever funding or interest or

0:43:24.960,0:43:30.960
capabilities that they have to show the value and
then it is then easier to work with countries to

0:43:30.960,0:43:38.000
invest or at least loosening regulations that would
otherwise have stifled the growth of the industry.

0:43:38.000,0:43:43.280
So I'm looking at it from a purely commercial
aspect but I feel for long-term growth and

0:43:43.280,0:43:49.040
sustainability  we need deep roots in the
ground and that's what markets enable, thank you.

0:43:49.680,0:43:55.680
Yes, thank you. The rest of the panel would
also like to respond to this question, how can we

0:43:55.680,0:44:00.720
overcome or go beyond national interests and form
truly international markets for space technology?

0:44:01.280,0:44:10.560
Joan would you like to comment? Yeah I think,
sadly, national interest will remain the

0:44:10.560,0:44:16.480
priority of the four great power competition
countries but there are a lot of other countries

0:44:16.480,0:44:22.800
out there as well that really are very anxious
to get into space technology and I think 

0:44:22.800,0:44:29.440
there are areas - I mentioned one before - space
debris, also space traffic management that are

0:44:30.080,0:44:37.120
inherently multinational and we already see
some cooperation in those areas but there's also

0:44:37.120,0:44:43.200
new projects, new programs that are very
exciting and a wide number

0:44:43.200,0:44:48.640
of countries are involved in. I'm currently
working on one called Breakthrough Starshot

0:44:48.640,0:44:56.400
to send a probe to Alpha Centuri, which is
4.37 light years away, it's very exciting

0:44:56.400,0:45:03.760
but in order to do it the propulsion system
will be a very large laser array

0:45:03.760,0:45:09.520
which raises all kinds of concerns among
many countries for could it be used

0:45:09.520,0:45:16.400
as a weapon, that's the kind of thing that will
inherently need to go through a multinational body,

0:45:17.120,0:45:22.640
have multinational management, and have
different countries playing different roles.

0:45:23.680,0:45:29.520
In that particular program the Czech Republic is
doing a lot of the laser work, other countries want

0:45:29.520,0:45:35.600
to chime in with whatever their niche field
is, and I think the more we begin to do that

0:45:35.600,0:45:43.040
the more it will be recognised that not everything
is a threat; there are ways of managing threats

0:45:43.600,0:45:50.560
through both technology and diplomacy
that make opportunities and excitement

0:45:50.560,0:45:56.640
beyond national interest possible.
Thank you - yeah lasers in space right -

0:45:57.760,0:46:03.200
Alright, and then Sita, how what did you want
to add to how we might go beyond these national

0:46:03.200,0:46:10.240
interests? Absolutely and Joan hit the nail on
the head, ever since President Eisenhower there has

0:46:10.240,0:46:15.360
been talk about going beyond national interests
when we're talking about space collaboration, 

0:46:15.360,0:46:20.320
and in fact Eisenhower was notorious for wanting
to stay at the table with the Russians

0:46:21.040,0:46:25.280
even in the context of what was then the great
power competition and of course ...

0:46:25.280,0:46:29.680
... here we are again. I
think it's important to recognise that there are

0:46:29.680,0:46:35.680
many opportunities and projects where different
countries can have not only a seat at the table

0:46:35.680,0:46:42.000
but a solution to the problem and I think that's
a reflection of the diversity of thought

0:46:42.000,0:46:48.640
in space applications; it's both international as
well as other forms of diverse background,

0:46:48.640,0:46:53.760
but one thing I wanted to mention that is
also an industrial application that reflects

0:46:53.760,0:46:59.360
the truly multinational nature of the benefit
of space exploration is supply chain management.

0:46:59.360,0:47:04.640
You're talking about the ability to utilise
imagery that's collected from satellites that

0:47:04.640,0:47:09.760
are in either lower Earth orbit or geosynchronous
orbit taking pictures of what is happening here

0:47:09.760,0:47:15.840
on Earth, to be able to predict the flow, to be
able to capture if there are blockages in the

0:47:15.840,0:47:21.440
flow of goods and services across the Earth and/or
predict potential blockages in the future so that

0:47:22.160,0:47:28.320
very large corporations which depend on efficiency
in that flow can predict it and say oh wait we

0:47:28.320,0:47:31.840
think there's going to be a problem in the Straits
of Malaga or oh wait we think there's going to be

0:47:31.840,0:47:37.680
a problem in the Suez Canal right; I mean we
we saw in real terms or in real time rather

0:47:37.680,0:47:42.000
when that blockage in the Suez Canal occurred
very recently and what impact it had on

0:47:42.000,0:47:48.320
multiple corporations that were multinational so
when you talk about international partnership and

0:47:48.320,0:47:55.040
international collaboration it can both occur and
must occur among governments but equally among 

0:47:55.040,0:47:59.440
corporates and industry because it does drive
the bottom line and there's a natural incentive

0:47:59.440,0:48:06.000
structure to utilise space technology to enhance
supply chain management. And the final comment I'll

0:48:06.000,0:48:12.240
make is a shameless plug for a friend of mine
 named Susan Eisenhower, whose grandfather was in

0:48:12.240,0:48:17.520
fact the president, and she wrote- she's actually
done a lot of research on the importance of

0:48:17.520,0:48:23.920
international cooperation in space that looks
that takes a very clear-eyed view towards

0:48:23.920,0:48:30.560
national interest and national security, but looks
beyond it so I think there's a lot of historical

0:48:30.560,0:48:34.480
examples that we can draw from to ensure that
the future of space is truly international.

0:48:35.520,0:48:42.000
Yeah I would also add  space science projects
are often international and they do a lot of what,

0:48:42.960,0:48:49.200
they hit a lot of the marks that you're
describing but they tend to be isolated from

0:48:49.200,0:48:54.240
maybe defense or other commercial activities
so there's chance there's opportunities even

0:48:54.240,0:49:00.800
for cross-pollination there. One last
question from our audience to our panel,

0:49:00.800,0:49:06.880
this is from Aparna Ojha from India, what are
good ways to enter the space job market for

0:49:07.840,0:49:12.000
- she's an undergraduate but you could answer
that question at any level because you work

0:49:12.000,0:49:18.000
with people at different stages in their careers -
so what are good ways to enter the space market?

0:49:18.720,0:49:24.240
Maybe Sita, I know you you work directly on this
problem and then we can go to Simon and then Joan.

0:49:25.760,0:49:30.400
Absolutely and I'm so glad to see somebody
from India represented even in the questions

0:49:30.400,0:49:36.240
and who's viewing. I would say it depending upon
what your interest is and what you have studied,

0:49:36.240,0:49:42.880
right, but that is not to say that any interest-
any interest can be applied into space.

0:49:42.880,0:49:49.360
I think a great way to start is to identify
what problems do you want to solve and those

0:49:49.360,0:49:55.200
problems can have an application - as I said
earlier - here on Earth or in space or both.

0:49:55.760,0:50:00.880
An example would be somebody like me, who studied
political science and economics in my bachelor's

0:50:00.880,0:50:05.840
degree and I ended up studying international
relations after that and becoming a diplomat

0:50:05.840,0:50:12.400
but if you were to take those steps out with
an economics degree for example you can utilise

0:50:12.960,0:50:20.640
financial metrics to - for example - predict
if a ship gets stuck in the Suez Canal

0:50:21.360,0:50:27.040
then this particular company is not going to be
able to deliver adequate supplies to be able to

0:50:27.040,0:50:32.320
meet the demand for this product in this country
at this time; that's pure economics on the

0:50:32.320,0:50:37.200
face of it but if you want to enter the job, the
space job market with that kind of a background,

0:50:37.200,0:50:42.320
or you want to try to solve that problem, you think
about what happens in space. There are companies

0:50:42.320,0:50:47.040
that are taking pictures of the Suez Canal on a
regular basis - both for commercial customers and

0:50:47.040,0:50:52.240
for government customers. Those are the companies
to work for so you start by thinking about what

0:50:52.240,0:51:00.000
is the problem that I want to solve based on my
background and who is going to benefit from my

0:51:00.000,0:51:05.440
solution and believe it or not the scope is much
greater than most people would ever think of on

0:51:05.440,0:51:09.600
the face of it and that's where 
the creativity and diversity comes into play.

0:51:10.880,0:51:15.680
Great, I would also add I don't think any of
us probably started our careers thinking we would

0:51:15.680,0:51:23.360
be in these positions today, so for the young
people it'll work out, just pursue your 

0:51:24.000,0:51:32.080
where you can create value then to -
I forgot now if I ask for Simon - do you want to to

0:51:32.080,0:51:39.120
comment on how people could find jobs in the space
sector? Thank you very much, yes thank you. First,

0:51:39.120,0:51:46.560
I would say space really is a way of thinking and
and I mean that to say we have to understand data

0:51:46.560,0:51:51.280
because that's what the satellites generate and
I'm stopping from an application standpoint and

0:51:51.280,0:51:55.920
not so much exploration but you have to understand
data you have to understand systems because that's

0:51:55.920,0:52:02.640
what space does, space integrates multiple kinds of
systems into a common  product or ecosystem, and

0:52:02.640,0:52:07.760
then you also have to understand collaboration, be
interdisciplinary or international collaboration.

0:52:07.760,0:52:13.760
And for me I started as a medical doctor
and then went to the International Space

0:52:13.760,0:52:20.240
University and I did the Masters there and that
helped me get grounded in the different aspects of

0:52:20.240,0:52:24.000
the industry, understand the language ecosystem,
but to see this point you have to know what

0:52:24.000,0:52:29.120
problem you want to solve. I was definitely more
interested in solving development related problems

0:52:29.120,0:52:33.360
and pulling space technology applications
into that but whatever your problem space

0:52:33.360,0:52:37.680
is you have to understand the data, you have
to understand how systems work, how systems

0:52:37.680,0:52:43.440
integrate, the challenges systems face be
it at a human social level or be it at a technology

0:52:43.440,0:52:49.280
- at hardware or software level integration;
but building on that you have to figure out

0:52:49.280,0:52:53.920
how to engage in relevant products, you have
to seek out those opportunities, you have to

0:52:53.920,0:52:58.560
take what you've learned about data and systems
and apply it to whatever your current domain is.

0:52:58.560,0:53:05.920
There is a lot of freely available space based
data be it on Earth observation, GPS is free,

0:53:05.920,0:53:10.880
so you can pull a lot of these capabilities in
into what you currently do and then build on

0:53:10.880,0:53:17.520
those projects and I think that way 
you'll be on on the path to

0:53:17.520,0:53:21.760
making a name for yourself in the space
industry as long as you're out there solving

0:53:21.760,0:53:26.320
people's problems and you're drawing on a wide
range of capabilities and not limiting yourself,

0:53:26.320,0:53:34.320
and of course keeping the right network and
staying engaged. Thank you. Alright, Joan,

0:53:34.320,0:53:42.160
would you like to add your thoughts? Sure - and
Renee you're absolutely right - when people

0:53:42.160,0:53:49.120
ask me how I ended up in this career and writing
eight books on space it was totally serendipitous -

0:53:49.680,0:53:56.320
couldn't have planned it, didn't
even get involved until I was a practising

0:53:56.320,0:54:01.360
academic - so don't anybody get discouraged. But I'll
take a little different approach because I think

0:54:01.360,0:54:06.800
Sita and Simon both covered really important
points about training and about outlook and

0:54:06.800,0:54:13.200
about a kind of mental approach. I'm going to
take a more pragmatic kind of stance and say get

0:54:13.200,0:54:21.680
engaged early. There are organisations like Women
in Aerospace, like Women in International Security:

0:54:22.720,0:54:29.440
there are different organisations that get
you involved in networking and networking

0:54:29.440,0:54:34.960
is important it gives you a support group, it
tells you where there are openings, it allows you

0:54:34.960,0:54:42.640
to talk to women who have been where you want
to go. Women don't have the kind of mentoring

0:54:43.840,0:54:51.680
that men do very often but these organisations can
can provide that, and I can't stress how important

0:54:51.680,0:54:55.840
that is, and mentors aren't somebody
who are just there to get you a job:

0:54:55.840,0:55:01.600
mentors are there to say you're really strong
in this area but you need to work on this area

0:55:01.600,0:55:08.160
and these organisations offer it and they
offer it very early, so that would be my advice.

0:55:09.600,0:55:15.920
Alright thank you; well I'd like to shift to
concluding thoughts, Sita would you like to

0:55:16.480,0:55:24.720
to kick us off? Absolutely, and I want to thank
the sentiments from everybody on the panel, what

0:55:24.720,0:55:28.720
Joan just said thank you for the flow for Women
in Aerospace, it's an organisation that I'm so so

0:55:28.720,0:55:34.000
proud of and I think it's not just for women
by the way, I wanted to make a note on this:

0:55:34.000,0:55:38.560
we have board members who are senior
male executives in aerospace industry,

0:55:38.560,0:55:46.240
we have members who are male; and so I think it's
a reflection that when you augment other groups of

0:55:46.240,0:55:52.880
voices you still need the champion of every other
group of voices alongside you to ensure that you

0:55:52.880,0:55:58.080
do have the best solutions, the best approaches
to the problems that are both applicable

0:55:58.080,0:56:01.840
to what's happening in space and also space
applications for what's happening here on Earth.

0:56:02.400,0:56:09.280
But I wanted to quote someone - George Dei, he's a
Professor in the University of Ontario and he's

0:56:09.280,0:56:15.840
from Ghana - and I love his quote, he says, 'inclusion
is not bringing people into what already exists,

0:56:16.720,0:56:23.680
it is making a new space and a better space for
everyone'. I don't think he even thought about space

0:56:23.680,0:56:29.440
when he made that comment but think about that,
right: we're creating a new space and a better

0:56:29.440,0:56:38.080
space for everyone. That's fundamentally what
aerospace security, industry, and various other

0:56:38.080,0:56:43.520
applications and exploration are all about. But
if it's not a better space for everyone then

0:56:43.520,0:56:47.600
what's the point? In order to make a better
space for everyone everybody needs to have

0:56:47.600,0:56:52.880
a seat at the table to start talking about how
they want their problems solved, so I wanted to

0:56:52.880,0:56:57.840
end with that reflection because I think it is
a great summary of the diversity of background

0:56:57.840,0:57:01.920
both from those on the panel but also from those
who have chimed in from around the world and thank

0:57:01.920,0:57:08.960
you. Yeah that's terrific thank you. That also
echoes a lot of what Simon has been advocating for

0:57:09.520,0:57:15.600
Simon, what are your final thoughts? Thank you
very much and I want to thank Joan and Sita

0:57:15.600,0:57:22.400
and Renee for the discussions. I want
to add that we have a heritage in space, the

0:57:22.400,0:57:30.400
outer space treaty, the rescue agreement, all these
different forms of international collaboration

0:57:30.400,0:57:37.120
point to one thing and I think it's 
stated there that space is a common heritage of mankind.

0:57:37.120,0:57:41.840
It actually goes further and it says
that astronauts are envoys of mankind.

0:57:41.840,0:57:49.200
So we represent part of a collective in space as
we talk about space, we may not be physically there

0:57:49.200,0:57:54.960
but our interests are there I like to say in
the, ad astra, to the stars. So we

0:57:54.960,0:58:02.800
come together for what? For that purpose, to deliver
value for mankind, I would say that as we tap into

0:58:03.600,0:58:10.480
leverage, utilise, harness the capabilities that
the space sector and our engagement thus

0:58:10.480,0:58:16.720
far have offered. We should remember that this is
for all mankind, and we should go one step further

0:58:17.280,0:58:22.720
after planting our flag or boasting about
what we've done as a country or as a people,

0:58:22.720,0:58:27.600
let's remember that the rest of mankind can
be a part of this, I would say therefore that

0:58:27.600,0:58:33.280
responsible utilisation is inclusive utilisation
because this is really for all mankind.

0:58:33.280,0:58:40.880
Thank you. All right thank you and, Joan, what would
you like to to leave us with? Well I would like to

0:58:40.880,0:58:46.320
leave you with a big thanks for to Oxford and
to the panelists for having this panel because

0:58:46.320,0:58:52.880
they are they are so badly needed, because
I think what we've- what I've found working

0:58:52.880,0:58:59.920
with with Sita and Simon on this panel is we've
connected a lot of dots, that people know about

0:58:59.920,0:59:06.320
business or they know about medicine or they know
about policy but how it all works together and how

0:59:07.280,0:59:14.480
inclusion ties into that, you don't often think
of, so I think awareness, raising awareness, I

0:59:14.480,0:59:18.560
hope it's done in other fields - I hope it's
done in nuclear strategy, I hope it's done

0:59:19.120,0:59:25.760
in all of those - and as was pointed out it's
not just, it's not just the role of women,

0:59:26.400,0:59:33.280
 it's finding allies, finding those who
will work with you who understand the benefits,

0:59:34.640,0:59:41.280
and I think that only happens when you again offer
these opportunities for a larger audience to see

0:59:41.840,0:59:46.960
how the dots connect, what are the benefits
and then become begin thinking of it and then

0:59:46.960,0:59:53.200
acting on it, so with that thank you. Yeah well
thank you to this wonderful panel thank you for

0:59:53.200,0:59:59.840
the wonderful questions also from the audience
 I just want to summarise and that space

0:59:59.840,1:00:05.600
technologies are dual use as we've heard, they
can be used for war or peace, and security is sort

1:00:05.600,1:00:10.160
of an overriding concern here: satellites
can assess rainfall they can assess crop

1:00:10.160,1:00:15.360
production or they can track movements of troops 
and tanks. The space sector is therefore central to

1:00:15.920,1:00:21.200
everyone's concerns. Sita's worked on a range of 
security issues while at the department of state.

1:00:21.920,1:00:27.840
Simon's worked on food and health security issues, 
and Joan of course on space security with the military.

1:00:28.560,1:00:34.400
Let me just thank the panel again for bringing 
their time, their energ,y and their diversity to our

1:00:35.360,1:00:41.840
discussion today and also thank you to 
Oxford and our audience for engaging with us

1:00:42.480,1:00:55.840
I leave it back to you. Thanks.

1:01:27.200,1:01:27.700